1918-1941

__**Top ten most Important people:**__
 * Franklin Roosevelt-Alex
 * Herbert Hoover-Clifford
 * Calvin Coolidge-Clifford
 * Adolf Hitler-Luke Barnes
 * Albert Einstein- Philippe
 * John Pershing- Philippe
 * Louis Armstrong- James
 * Langston Hughes -Alex
 * Winston Churchill- Luke Barnes

__**Top ten most important events:**__
 * Great depression- Philippe
 * Harlem Rennaissance-Alex
 * Prohibition-18th amendment-Clifford
 * Ku Klux Klan-Clifford
 * Attack On Pearl Harbor 1941- Luke Barnes
 * 1929 Kellogg-Brand Pact Signed-Alex
 * Washington Naval Conference-James
 * First Neutrality Act-Philippe
 * Lend-Lease Debate-James
 * The New Deal 1933- Luke Barnes



**__Harlem Renaissance:__**
 * movement between the 1920’s and the 1930’s of 750,000 African Americans from the south to more urban areas in the north.
 * Newspapers and magazines owed by blacks flourished freeing them to write as they please.
 * 1904 several middleclass African American families moved away from the decaying conditions of //Black Bohemia// of midtown into the newly-built suburb of Harlem. This initiated a move north of educated African Americans and a foothold into Harlem.
 * As World War I approached, a shortage of labor ensued at the generous supply of European unskilled labor ceased to flow into New York City. From the southern states came vast numbers of African Americans attracted not only by the prospect of paid labor but an escape from the inherent inequities and blatant institutional racism of the South.
 * There were various art patrons, both black and white, including the wealthy A'Lelia Walker who ran an influential salon, the Dark Tower from her home, Countee Cullen (the Romantic poet), Nora Thurston Zeale (anthropologist), Langston Hughes (playwright and poet) Three main political figures kept the hopes of freedom for African Americans alive and made Harlem a political hotbed of activities. The three figures were the pious, integrationalist W.E.B. Dubois, the James Weldon Johnston and finally the charismatic Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey



__**Washington Naval Conference Europe-US (1921-1922)**__
 * Also known as the Washington Arms Conference
 * A military conference called by President Warren G. Harding, the conference was held in Washington, D.C.
 * It was the first international conference ever held in the US, and the first disarmament conference in history
 * The Conference was attended by the United States, France, Japan, Britain, Italy as well as other small nations (Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and China) who were concerned about naval territories in the Pacific.
 * The American delegation was led by Charles Evans Hughes the secretary of state, and included Elihu Root, Henry Cabot Lodge and Oscar Underwood, the Democratic minority leader in the Senate.




 * __Kellogg-Briand Pact__**
 * Kellogg-Briand Pact, was an agreement signed Aug. 27, 1928, it condemned the “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.” It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris.
 * In June, 1927, Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France, proposed to the U.S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries. Frank B. Kellogg, the U.S. Secretary of State, returned a proposal for a general pact against war, and after prolonged negotiations the Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations—Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States
 * The pact never made a meaningful contribution to international order, although it was invoked in 1929 with some success, when China and the USSR reached a tense moment over possession of the Chinese Eastern RR in Manchuria
 * Ultimately, however, the pact proved to be meaningless, especially with the practice of waging undeclared wars in the 1930s (e.g., the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, and the German occupation of Austria in 1938).

__**Great Depression**__
 * The Wall Street crash of 1929 was the cause of this.
 * After the crash Banks were no longer trusted and everyone started to withdraw their money.
 * When people started to withdraw their money banks had none left and many their life savings.
 * Suicide rates spiked, jobs were lost, and unemployment was around 25 percent.
 * Herbert Hoover was president during the start and did nothing. FDR came after and tried different tactics and regained trust with banks. The great depression was 1929-1941.
 * __Japanese attack pearl Harbor__**
 * drove the U.S to fight against the Axis powers in WWII
 * Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii in 1941
 * Led american entry into both the pacific and european theaters
 * Over 2000 U.S soldiers killed and over 1000 wounded

__**First Neutrality Act-US (1935)**__
 * Laws passed by congress to keep the US isolated and away war threat from the turmoil in Europe and Asia.
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President to sign the Act; it is also known as the Senate Joint Resolution No. 173; Roosevelt called it the “expression of the desire…to avoid any action which might involve [the U.S.] in war”
 * The acts passed between 1935 contained provisions limiting arms sales to nations that were not at war, gave the United States the power to keep citizens from traveling on belligerent ships or to belligerent nations, prohibited loans to belligerent nations and nations that were not repaying previous debts, and forbade American shipping to carry arms to belligerents.
 * They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.
 * It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months.
 * Roosevelt invoked the act after Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, preventing all arms and ammunition shipments to both countries. He also declared a "moral embargo" against the belligerents, covering trade not falling under the Neutrality Act.

__**Lend-Lease Debate-US (1941)**__
 * A military program by the United States that provided goods and services to its allies in the fight against Germany, Italy, and later Japan during World War II
 * In repayment for these goods and services the allies would either return the goods or using them in support of their cause, or by a similar trade of the goods.
 * In July 1940, after Britain had sustained the loss of 11 destroyers to the German Navy over a 10-day period, newly elected British Prime Minister Winston Churchill requested help from President Roosevelt. Roosevelt responded by exchanging 50 destroyers for 99-year leases on British bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland.
 * FDR wanted to support Britain and believed the United States should serve as a "great arsenal of democracy." Churchill pleaded, "Give us the tools and we'll finish the job." In January 1941, following up on his campaign pledge and the prime minister's appeal for arms, Roosevelt proposed to Congress a new military aid bill.
 * The plan proposed by FDR was to "lend-lease or otherwise dispose of arms" and other supplies needed by any country whose security was vital to the defense of the United States

__** Prohibition-18th Amendment: **__
 * The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages
 * Demand for liquor continued, and the law resulted in the criminalization of producers, suppliers, transporters and consumers
 * Organized crime increased in power, and corruption extended among law enforcement officials
 * The police, courts and prisons were overwhelmed with new cases
 * The amendment was repealed in 1933 by the ratification of the twenty-first amendment; the only time in United States history to repeal a constitutional amendment
 * __FDR Launches New DEAL__**
 * series of economic programs created in the 1930’s
 * Created to bring the economy out of depression
 * Its main purposes were to provide relief to citizens, recover from the economic downfall, and to reform the U.S government to prevent future depressions
 * Successful in bringing the economy out of depression


 * __Franklin Roosevelt:__**
 * 1933 the day after taking office he tried to correct the banking situation by closing the banks and asking congress to pass a law that guaranteed the people wouldn’t lose their money.
 * In 1940 he made sure the Lend-Lease program was passed. This provided Great Britain assistance.
 * In 1940 Roosevelt transformed the Monroe Doctrine by using the “good neighbor” policy.
 * In 1941 when the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred he was the main force behind the organization of the resources and manpower for global war.

__**Herbert Hoover:**__
 * Republicans nominated hoover in 1928
 * Hoover was a laissez-faire guy
 * Hoover believed that like all other economic dips, prosperity would return without the need for government action
 * Believed the federal government should not provide “direct relief” (money, jobs, food) for victims of the depression or to stimulate the economy
 * Supported private and local relief efforts
 * Urged business to voluntarily not to lay off workers or cut wages

__**Calvin Coolidge:**__
 * Vice president Calvin Coolidge took over when Warren G. Harding died
 * Coolidge believed in limited government that allowed business to function without regulation
 * Drastically cut government spending by vetoing both Democratic and Republican bills
 * Nicknamed “Silent Cal”
 * Coolidge decided not to run for a second term in 1928
 * __Adolf Hitler__**
 * Became chancellor of Germany in 1933 and was the German Fuhrer until 1945
 * Led germany through WWII and is the most infamous dictator of all time
 * Associated with Communism and Fascism
 * Responsible for the holocaust and mass killing of millions of people, mainly those of Jewish descent

__**Albert Einstein**__:
 * Albert Einstein developed the theory of General Relativity, this revolutionized the physics world.
 * He visited America when Hitler went to power in Germany and never returned.
 * He published over 300 scientific works and 150 nonscientific works.
 * Was a huge pacifists but when he finished the bombs he renounced that and recommended using them to win the war.
 * Was recognized as a leading scientist and changed the world of science for generations to come.


 * __Ku Klux Klan:__**
 * which have advocated extremist reactions currents such as white supremecy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism
 * Since the mid-20th century, the KKK has also been anti-communist
 * Members adopted white costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be outlandish and terrifying, and to hide their identities
 * The third KKK emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and progress among minorities
 * During this period, they often forged alliances with Southern police departments, as in Birmingham, Alabama; or with governor's offices, as with George Wallace of Alabama
 * Today, a large majority of sources consider the Klan to be a "subversive or terrorist organization"

__**John Pershing:**__
 * In early years killed a lot of Indians and was known for his bravery.
 * Was in the Spanish American wars and was in the Philippines.
 * He was a champion of the African American soldier and was an advocate of civil rights.
 * However, he did avoid these controversial subjects during WW1 to keep the soldiers focused.
 * John was Senior to all the WW2 veterans after WW1 and helped win WW1

__**Louis Armstrong**__
 * He Reinvented Jazz and the future of music.
 * He was an inspiration to everyone especially to African Americans.
 * He was part of the Harlem Renaissance and even helped start it.
 * Was inspired by food and named many of his songs after it.
 * Armstrong was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972 by the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. This Special Award is presented to performers who have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording.




 * __ Langs __****__ ton Hughes: __**
 * In the 1920’s he made major artistic contribution to the Harlem Renaissance.
 * In 1930 he won a Harmon gold medal for literature for his novel, //Not Without Laughter//.
 * He wrote novels, short stories and plays, poetry, and known for his work in jazz.
 * Unlike most black poets of his day he wanted to tell of how life really was for them.


 * __Winston Churchill__**
 * British politician known for his involvement in the second world war
 * Served as prime minister twice from 1940-1945 and 1951-1955
 * Fought the nazis alongside us forces in WWII
 * Considered one of the greatest wartime leaders

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