1941-1963

Adolf Hitler-Phil John F Kennedy-Alex Joseph Stalin-Phil Martin Luther King-Alex Winston Churchill-Luke President Harry Truman-Clifford President Eisnehower-Luke Lee Harvey Oswald-James Ku Klux Klan-Clifford Neil Armstrong-James __**Important Events:**__ WWII-James Hiroshima and Nagasaki-James Warsaw Pact-Clifford D-Day-Alex Holocaust-Luke Cold War-Alex Cuban Missile Crisis-Clifford Korean War-Phil Battle of the Bulge-Luke Potsdam Conference-Phil
 * __Important People:__**

__**Important People**__



__**Adolf Hitler**__
 * He caused the holocaust and the death of millions of Jews and other non-white Christians.
 * He started WWII declaring war on Poland and Russia. This war would affect the entire world and change American foreign policies forever.
 * Caused the Death of over 60 million people throughout the world.
 * Created a neo-Nazi culture that still affects people today.
 * Gave an easy enemy. Nazis are easy to hate so national support for the war was huge.


 * __John F Kennedy:__**
 * He graduated from Harvard in 1940 joining the Navy.
 * In 1943 his Boat was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer although his injuries he managed to lead back the survivors to safety.
 * He responded to more urgent demands and took vigorous action in equal rights. He called for new civil rights legislation.
 * Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy permitted a band of Cuban exiles to invade their homeland. Soon after, the Soviet Union renewed its campaign against West Berlin. Kennedy replied by reinforcing the Berlin garrison and increasing the Nation's military strength.
 * He hardly in office for a thousand days before being assassinated in Texas as the youngest president elected to office and the youngest to die.


 * __Joseph Stalin__**


 * Stalin was leading the Soviet Union during World War II and helped defeat the Nazis. Although huge losses at the beginning of the war, he managed to stop their eastern advance with the battles at Stalingrad and Moscow. Eventually capturing Berlin.
 * He also helped industrialize the USSR, which eventually made it a super power.
 * He was the leader of the USSR from WWII to 1953, initiating the start of the cold war.
 * Killed millions of his people not including WWII making a bloody communism rule.
 * He Also had many spies and infiltrated many major powers including Japan, USA, Germany, France, and England. These spies affected American lives, many of which were accused unjustifiably to be these spies.


 * __Martin Luther King Jr:__**
 * In 1955 he was elected by other civil rights leaders to lead a city-wide boycott.
 * By 1960 he was receiving national notoriety for his civil rights work.
 * In 1963 in Alabama he organized a peaceful demonstration that was broken up by police and he was jailed along with his many supporters.
 * ====On August 28, 1963 more than 200,000 of his supporters were drawn to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington for his famous “I Have a Dream” speech making the point that all men could be equal.====

Played a crucial role in the Big Three

 * __ President Eisenhower __**




 * Served as president from 1953-1961
 * Leading general in WWII
 * Strongly involved in NATO serving as the first supreme commander
 * Responsible for the New Deal and the Eisenhower Doctrine
 * President during Korean War
 * President during Brown vs. Board and the little rock nine incident

**__Lee Harvey Oswald__** **__Neil Armstrong__**
 * Lee Harvey Oswald was born in New Orleans on 18th October, 1939. His father, Robert Oswald, died two months before his son was born. At the age of three his mother, Marguerite Oswald, sent him to live in the Bethlehem Children's Home.
 * Oswald left school at sixteen and the following year joined the U.S Marines. After basic training Oswald qualified as an Aviation Electronics Operator and in 1957 was posted to the Atsugi Air Base in Japan. He soon got into trouble for being in possession of an unregistered weapon. In March 1958 he was found guilty of using "provoking words" in a quarrel with a sergeant.
 * In 1959 Oswald left the Marines. Soon afterwards went to Moscow and applied to become a Soviet citizen.
 * Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that minutes later he saw Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip into the nearby Texas Theatre without paying. He alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned policeat 1:40 pm. Oswald appeared to surrender (saying, "Well, it is all over now")
 * On 24th November, 1963, the Dallas Police decided to transfer Lee Harvey Oswald to the county jail, Oswald was led through the basement of police headquarters a man rushed forward and shot him in the stomach, the gunman was quickly arrested by police officers, Lee Harvey Oswald died soon afterwards. The man who killed him was later identified as being Jack Ruby[[image:http://ts1.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=4549680885664204&id=bed8f887abf69791b3d8766448caf84c&url=http%3a%2f%2fsixpacktech.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2011%2f05%2fJack-Ruby.jpg width="300" height="300"]]
 * Born August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio. Married. Two sons
 * Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University; Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from University of Southern California. He holds honorary doctorates from a number of universities.
 * He is the recipient of many special honors, including the Presidential Medal for Freedom in 1969; the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy in 1970; the Robert J. Collier Trophy in 1969; and the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, 1978.
 * From 1949 to 1952, he served as a naval aviator; he flew 78 combat missions during the Korean War. During 1971-1979, Armstrong was professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati, where he was involved in both teaching and research. Currently serves as Chairman, AIL Systems, Inc. Deer Park, N.Y.
 * In 1962, Armstrong was transferred to astronaut status. He served as command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission, launched March 16, 1966, and performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space.In 1969, Armstrong was commander of Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission, and gained the distinction of being the first man to land a craft on the Moon and the first man to step on its surface.Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters Office of Advanced Research and Technology, from 1970 to 1971. He resigned from NASA in 1971.


 * __Ku Klux Klan:__**
 * which have advocated extremist reactions currents such as white supremecy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism
 * Since the mid-20th century, the KKK has also been anti-communist
 * Members adopted white costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be outlandish and terrifying, and to hide their identities
 * The third KKK emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and progress among minorities
 * During this period, they often forged alliances with Southern police departments, as in Birmingham, Alabama; or with governor's offices, as with George Wallace of Alabama
 * Today, a large majority of sources consider the Klan to be a "subversive or terrorist organization"


 * __Harry Truman:__**
 * Truman's presidency was also eventful in foreign affairs, with the defeat of Nazi Germany and his decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan
 * Truman founded the Marshall plan to rebuild Europe
 * the Truman Doctrine attempted to contain communism
 * Truman was president from 1945-1953
 * Berlin airlift was of great aid
 * first president to unleash nuclear warfare

**__ Hiroshima and Nagasaki __**
 * __Important Events__**
 * On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber named the //Enola Gay// left the island of Tinian for Hiroshima, Japan. The uranium 235 gun-type bomb, named //Little Boy//, exploded at 8:16 a.m.
 * In an instant 80,000 to 140,000 people were killed and 100,000 more were seriously injured. The blast wave shattered windows for a distance of ten miles and was felt as far away as 37 miles.
 * The survivors, known as hibakusha, sought relief from their injuries. However, 90 percent of all medical personnel were killed or disabled, and the remaining medical supplies quickly ran out. Many survivors began to notice the effects of exposure to the bomb’s radiation. Their symptoms ranged from nausea, bleeding and loss of hair, to death. Flash burns, a susceptibility to leukemia, cataracts and malignant tumors were some of the other effects.
 * In less than one second, the fireball had expanded to 900 feet. Over two-thirds of Hiroshima's buildings were demolished. The hundreds of fires, ignited by the thermal pulse, combined to produce a firestorm that had incinerated everything within about 4.4 miles of ground zero.
 * On August 9, 1945, another American B-29 bomber, Bock's Car, left Tinian carrying Fat Man, a plutonium implosion-type bomb.
 * The primary target was the Kokura Arsenal, but upon reaching the target, they found that it was covered by a heavy ground haze and smoke. This section recounts the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan.
 * Japan's major cities had been fire-bombed almost nightly. The islands were blockaded and the Japanese Navy had been destroyed. Planning for a massive invasion by Allied forces was underway. But was that the best answer? The cost in lives for both Allied forces and Japanese civilians would be heavy.
 * Fat Man exploded at 1,840 feet above Nagasaki and approximately 500 feet south of the Mitsubishi Steel and Armament Works with an estimated force of 22,000 tons of TNT.
 * Unlike Hiroshima, there was no firestorm at Nagasaki. . The exact number of casualties was impossible to determine. The Japanese listed only those they could verify and set the official estimate at 23, 753 killed, 1,927 missing, and 23, 345 wounded. U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey figures were much higher, but still less than those for Hiroshima.


 * __WWII__**
 * On December 7, 1941, while German armies were freezing before Moscow, Japan suddenly pushed the United States into the struggle by attacking the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
 * Leapfrogging (also called "islandhopping") was a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis Powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.
 * The **Battle of Midway** is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet. Military historian John Keegan has called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."
 * June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which “we will accept nothing less than full victory.” More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day’s end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. The D-Day cost was high -more than 9,000 Allied Soldiers were killed or wounded -- but more than 100,000 Soldiers began the march across Europe to defeat Hitler


 * __D-Day:__**
 * The location of the beaches and cities in Normandy were crucial to the successes of the Allies. Just after midnight, on June 6, 1942, seventeen thousand paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines to secure the beaches. British ships had been beached at three locations which included Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches. While ships from the United States of America landed on Utah Beach and Omaha Beach, the Canadians beached their vessels on Gold Beach and Juno Beach.
 * The first beach the Allies landed on was Utah, despite strong currents, smoke, and underwater mines sending the landing crafts off course. American Soldiers described as the ships were first landing the wall of explosion approached, crackling, screaming, whistling, and sizzling. All they could do was pray to make it out alive. Twenty-three thousand soldiers landed there, and most of the Germans surrendered at first contact. There were ninety-seven casualties on this one beach.
 * Omaha Beach was the second beach the Allies landed on and was nicknamed Bloody Omaha due to the large number of casualties there. This beach stretched four miles long and was the largest beach invaded on D-Day. Thirty-four thousand troops landed on Omaha by the end of the day, and there were four thousand eight hundred casualties. Eight enemy retaliations, men drowning because of heavy equipment, and obstacles such as one hundred foot cliffs, were largely responsible for the large number of casualties on this beach.
 * Juno Beach was the furthest inland penetration made of all of the five Allied landing beaches on D-Day. The Canadian 3rd Infantry Division to push eight and a half miles south towards their main D-Day objective. Twenty-one thousand troops landed on Juno Beach, and there were one thousand two hundred casualties.
 * The allies were successful in catching the Germans off guard on June 6, 1944, and by midnight; they had all five beaches secured. By mid-August, almost one hundred thousand German soldiers had been captured, and many soldiers had retreated. There were twelve thousand casualties during the battle of Normandy.
 * __ Holocaust __**




 * Genocide of six million Jews conducted by the Nazis during WWII
 * Millions of other people were killed as well such as homosexuals, poles, and other non German origins
 * Jews were removed from society and placed in concentration camps were they were to put to work and executed
 * The total number of deaths due to the holocausts is near 14 million people
 * The true horrors of the holocaust were not entirely known until the after the war


 * __Cold War: __**
 * A main cause of the cold war is Americans fear of communism.
 * Truman’s dislike of Stalin was another tension causing the cold war.
 * Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb caused the tensions.
 * Another main cause of this event was Russia’s pure hatred of capitalism.
 * The basic cause of the cold war was the overall suspicion and mutual distrust between the United States and the Russia.

__**Cuban Missile Crisis:**__
 * was a thirteen-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other
 * occurred in October 1962, during the Cold War
 * The United States considered attacking Cuba via air and sea, but decided on a military blockade instead
 * The US announced that it would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases
 * they eventually came to an agreement and the blockade was dismantled and the ships returned home


 * __Korean War__**
 * This was the first significant armed conflict in the cold war.
 * Korea was split because Russia managed to get a tiny piece of it before the Japanese surrendered to the US.
 * The war started when North Korea invaded south Korea. The UN intervened just in time and repelled the attacking force back. However, with Chinese and USSR support, the war was a standstill at the original border and an armistice was made.
 * This border continues to be the most well guarded border in the world.
 * The US still have a base there and make sure to keep North Korea under control.


 * __Warsaw Pact:__**
 * a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War
 * The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
 * The Warsaw Pact was a Soviet military response to the integration of West Germany
 * the Warsaw Pact does not have an independent organizational structure but functions as part of the Soviet Ministry of Defense

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 * __ Battle __****__ of the Bulge __**
 * Also referred to as the Ardennes Offense was a large attack on the Belgium forests of Ardennes
 * The name comes from the shape of the Allied front lines from the massive attack
 * Occurred at the end of 1944 and continued into 1945 toward the end of WWII
 * Largest and bloodiest battle fought in WWII
 * Allies defeat Germans and considered a turning point in the wa [[image:http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg/400px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg width="400" height="233"]]

__**The Potsdam Conference**__


 * This was a meeting of "the big three" USA, USSR, and Great Britain
 * This reorganized devastated Europe and the delicate balance of power there.
 * They split Berlin and Vienna up to keep an equal democratic and communist influence.
 * The goal was to demilitarize, disarm, and eliminate Germany's control on her war factories.
 * They also decided on what to do with Italy and Germany's ex-satellites countries.

Works Cited

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