1783-1820


 * __ The Treaty of __****__ Paris __****__ 1783: __**
 * It is most famous for being "exceedingly generous" to the United States in terms of enlarged boundaries
 * The treaty with France was mostly about exchanges of captured territory but also reinforced earlier treaties, guaranteeing fishing rights off Newfoundland
 * Treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War on September 3, 1783
 * It was signed in Paris by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay
 * The treaty also set new borders for the United States, including all land from the Great Lakes on the north to Florida on the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River
 * The United States agreed to allow British troops still in America to leave and also agreed to pay all existing debts owed to Great Britain


 * __ The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: __**


 * established a system for creating territories in the west
 * system for the western territories to become states
 * it established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward across North America with the admission of new states
 * signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and United States of America
 * the Northwest Ordinance established a government for the Northwest Territory


 * //__ Bill of Rights- 1791 __//**


 * Of the12 amendments that were originally proposed, the 10 that were ratified became the // Bill of Rights in 1791 //. These rights are defined as citizens' rights in relation to the newly established government under the Constitution.
 * During the debates over the adoption of the Constitution, the anti-federalists repeatedly charged the Constitution as drafted, would open the way to tyranny for the central government. Fresh in their minds was the memory of how the British violated the citizens' civil rights before and during the Revolution. They demanded that a "bill of rights" be added to spell out the immunities of individual citizens. Several state conventions in their formal ratification of the Constitution asked for such amendments; others ratified the Constitution with the understanding that the amendments would be offered.
 * On September 25, 1789, the First Congress of the United States therefore proposed to the state legislatures 12 amendments to the Constitution that met the arguments most frequently advanced against it. Articles 3 to 12, which were ratified December 15, 1791, by three-fourths of the state legislatures, constitute the first 10 amendments of the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights.
 * Influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the Bill of Rights was also drawn from Virginia's Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason in 1776.
 * in 1787 he attended the Constitutional Convention and criticized the final document for lacking constitutional protection of basic political rights. In the ratification struggle that followed, Mason and other critics agreed to support the Constitution in exchange for the assurance that amendments would be passed immediately.
 * On December 15, 1791, Virginia became the 10th of 14 states to approve 10 of the 12 amendments, thus giving the Bill of Rights the two-thirds majority of state ratification necessary to make it legal. [[image:http://www.billofrights.org/billofrights.jpg width="247" height="210"]]

//**__ The Whiskey Rebellion- 1794 __**//

__** Washington's Farewell Address1797 **__
 * Congress used its new constitutional authority to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises" and passed the first nationwide internal revenue tax—an excise tax on distilled spirits. Congress took this action at the urging of the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton.
 * Unlike tariffs paid on goods imported into the United States, the excise tax on distilled spirits was a direct tax on Americans who produced whiskey and other alcohol spirits
 * President George Washington took notice of the resistance to the whiskey tax and issued a proclamation on September 15, 1792, condemning interference with the "operation of the laws of the United States for raising revenue upon spirits distilled within the same."
 * Despite the President's plea for Congressional modification of the excise law,however, violent opposition to the whiskey tax continued to grow over the next two years. This was especially true in the four counties of southwestern Pennsylvania —Allegheny, Fayette, Washington, and Westmoreland—the location of up to one-fourth of the Nation's stills. In the summer of 1794. A U.S. Marshal David Lennon arrived in the area to serve writs ordering those who had refused to pay the whiskey tax to appear in Federal court in Philadelphia.
 * Matters came to a head on July 16th when a group of angry farmers marched on Neville's house in the belief that Marshal Lennox was there. Confronted by these armed men, Neville shot and killed Oliver Miller. A shootout ensued, and Neville's slaves joined the fight by firing on the mob from their quarters. The protesters fled, but returned to Neville's house on July 17th with a force of 500 local militiamen
 * Anti-whiskey tax violence quickly spread to other counties along the frontier. Rebels burnt the home of Benjamin Wells, the Federal collector for FayetteCounty
 * In late October 1794, the Federalized militia entered the western counties of Pennsylvania and sought out the whiskey rebels. By mid-November, the militia had arrested 150 rebels, including 20 prominent leaders of the insurrection. Under the President's authority, General Lee issued a general pardon on November 29th for all those who taken part "in the wicked and unhappy tumults and disturbances lately existing" with the exception of 33 men named in the document. While most of the militia returned home, a regiment occupied the area until the following spring, and organized opposition to the tax evaporated.

__**Alien and Sedition Acts-1798**__:
 * Washington warned against political parties. He believed that p oliticians were subjected to political and economic pressures which could persuade them to give up their principles, or to favor one group over another. Washington advised us how to keep to a standard of truth and justice. As President of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the men who followed Washington's Advice produced the United States Constitution, which has properly been called "the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man."
 * In Washington's Farewell Address Washington said that the US should stay Isolationist. Washington's opion on nuetrality began when France declared war on England on February 1, 1793. France expected the US to aid them due to their support of our Revolutionary war. While Britain expected our support because of their important finacial support to the American shipowners.
 * George Washington offered strong warnings on the dangers of sectionalism, arguing that the true motives of a sectionalist are to create distrust or rivalries between regions and people to gain power and take control of the government.

__** The Louisiana purchase 1803 **__
 * These were a group of 4 laws that the Federalist dominated congress past to reduce the freedoms of the immigrants and stop the slandering of the democratic republicans.
 * It increased the number of years to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years.
 * The Sedition Act made it a crime to do any false, scandalous and malicious writing.
 * his resulted in the jailing of 25 newspaper editors, most of them Democratic-Republicans.
 * This was during the presidency of John Adams, a Federalist. The response to these acts was marked. Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions opposing these acts. This infringed on the rights of americans to freedom of speech.

__**The Embargo Act- 1807-1809**__:
 * This went against the president, Thomas Jefferson, beliefs in a strict constitution.
 * LouisianaTerritory was acquired from France in1803. This was the greatest land bargain in US history. This Purchase greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful force to westward expansion and confirmed the doctrines of implied powers of the federal constitution.
 * Manifest destiny was the key reason behind doubling the size of the United States, Thomas Jefferson set the stage for the continental expansion of the United States. Many began to see this as the beginning of a new "mission"—what Andrew Jackson in 1843 famously described as "extending the area of freedom." As more territory was added to the United States in the following decades, whether or not "extending the area of freedom" also meant extending the institution of Slavery became a central issue in a growing divide over the interpretation of America's mission.
 * As the Mississippi River became the chief trading channel for goods shipped among the states it bordered, the American government became greatly interested in purchasing New Orleans, an important port city and mouth of the river.
 * The purchase of the Louisiana territory was a result of concern to secure free navigation of the Mississippi River. President Jefferson sent a representative from the US to negotiate with the government of the Napoleon I for the sale of New Orleans. France had just acquired Louisiana from the Spanish, Jefferson knew immediate action must be taken. Surprisingly, Napoleon offered not only to sell New Orleans, but the entire Louisiana territory. [[image:http://www.gatewayno.com/history/images/la-purchase-large.jpg width="256" height="104"]]


 * Law passed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807
 * Stopped all trade with any other country
 * Goal to stop Britain and France from restricting American trade
 * Act back fired and American people suffered and was very unpopular, act ended in failure in 1809

//**__ The Treaty of __**////**__ Ghent- __**////**__ 1814 __**//


 * This treaty, signed on December 24, 1814, ended the War of 1812, fought between Great Britain and the United States.
 * Their relationship deteriorated sharply with the outbreak of war in Europe in 1803.
 * Britain imposed a blockade on neutral countries such as the United States, British took American sailors and "impressed" them into the British Navy.In Congress, the new Speaker of the House, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and Representative John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, led the sentiment for war, calling for a defense of American interests and honor.
 * On June 1, 1812, President James Madison asked for a declaration of war. Shortly afterward, Congress, despite the opposition of every Federalist, approved the declaration.
 * The War of 1812 produced a string of American military disasters, most shocking of these was the British Army’s burning of the Capitol, the President’s house, and other public buildings in Washington on August 24 and 25, 1814. (Americans had previously burned public buildings in Canada.)
 * A meeting in Belgium of American delegates and British commissioners ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade. America, in turn, gained influence as a foreign power.
 * American forces, led by Andrew Jackson, won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, ending the hostilities after the official peace.


 * __MissouriCompromise 1820__**

10 important people from this time period include: __** Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826 **__
 * The incorporation of new western territories into the U.S had made slavery a controversial concern of politics
 * Agreement signed in 1820 between pro slavery and anti slavery parties concerning slavery in the western territories
 * This agreement prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory and anything above the parallel 36’30 north, excluding the state of Missouri
 * By 1818 the Missouri territory had acquired enough people to be admitted as a new state into the union, the majority if its settlers were from the south and it was expected to be admitted as a slave state
 * James Tallmadge of NY proposed and amendment that would outlaw slavery in the new territory as well as emancipate all slaves born in Missouri
 * The admission of Alabama as a slave state in 1819 would bring the slave states and free states to an equal number, and it was thought that by making the new Maine territory a free state and Missouri a slave state that it would maintain the balance
 * This treaty essentially meant that any territories that became states in the area mentioned above would be subject to enable slaves to be free
 * The agreement was repealed by the Kansas Nebraska act of 1854 which essentially made slavery legal in these forbidden territories [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/USA_Territorial_Growth_1820_alt.jpg/300px-USA_Territorial_Growth_1820_alt.jpg width="300" height="138"]]

__** Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790 **__
 * He wrote over 50,000 letters in his life, many to convince people to make the 13 colonies an independent nation
 * One of the 5 men chosen to write the declaration of independence
 * He completed the Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the country
 * He signs the enabling act establishing procedures under which territories organized under the Ordinance of 1787 can become a state. The law effectively authorizes people of the Ohio territory to hold a convention and frame a constitution
 * Wins war against Tripoli pirates showing that the US is not a country to mess with [[image:http://sc94.ameslab.gov/TOUR/tjefferson.gif width="156" height="208"]]

__** George Washington **__
 * He signed the declaration of independence and influenced it greatly.
 * Some say when he died in 1790 the whole civilized world went into mourning. 20,000 people honored him at his funeral in Philadelphia.
 * Franklin was on hand to sign the treaty of Paris 1783 and convinced the French to help America.
 * Franklin was the representative in the constitutional congress for Philadelphia . [[image:http://www.crystalinks.com/franklin2.jpg width="159" height="200"]]

> __** John Adams **__
 * He is the first president of the United States
 * He led the example for all future presidents
 * He warned against treaties and political parties
 * He was the general in the revolutionary war [[image:http://www.pocanticohills.org/washington/GW1782.jpg width="190" height="251"]]

Second president of the United States


 * He helped create the treaty of Paris which ended the revolutionary war
 * He passed the alien and sedition acts
 * He prevented war with France
 * He was a Federalist and influenced early america in this way [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Portrait_of_John_Adams_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Portrait_of_John_Adams_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg width="191" height="247"]]

//**__ King George __**////**__ III __**//


 * ** Born: ** 4 June 1738 ** Birthplace: ** London, England ** Died: ** 29 January 1820 ** Best Known As: ** English king who lost the American colonies
 * Britain's King George III was the 18th century monarch who lost the fight to keep control over the American colonies. The third monarch of the Hanover house and the first to be born in England, he held the throne from 1760 until 1820, a reign nearly as long as his granddaughter Queen Victoria's
 * Although George III went down in American history books as a tyrant, he was not directly responsible for the laws that ultimately drove the colonists to revolution. Once the rebellion started, however, his indignant reaction to the challenge of British rule -- and his need to make an example of the colonists -- caused him to extend the conflict beyond reason.
 * George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers. In the words of the Victorian author George Trevelyan, the King was determined "never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal." [[image:http://www.nndb.com/people/948/000068744/george-iii-sm.jpg width="187" height="233"]]


 * __ Alexander Hamilton: __**


 * he was the first secretary of treasury
 * he established the country's national bank
 * became the leader of the federalist party
 * He was the only new york delegate that attended the Philadelphia Convention in 1787
 * He was a powerful member of the presidential election for Thomas Jefferson in 1800 [[image:http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/burr/hamilton5.jpg width="213" height="192"]]


 * __ Samuel Adams: __**

__** James Madison **__
 * His 1768 circular letter calling for colonial cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the boston massacre of 1770
 * In 1776, as a delegate to the Continental Congress, he signed the Declaration of Independence
 * In 1789 he was appointed lieutenant governor of the state
 * In 1794 he was elected Governor, and was re-elected annually until 1797 when he retired for health reasons
 * He was a key member in the Sons of Liberty [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg/220px-J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg width="220" height="285"]]

__** Sacagawea **__
 * Statesmen and politician and renowned as the father of the constitution for his participation in the drafting of the U.S constitution and as the key author in the bill of rights
 * Hailed from Virginia and collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to create the Federalist papers
 * In 1789 he became the leader of the house of representatives and is noted for drafting the first ten amendments the constitution
 * He worked closely with Washington to try and establish a new federal government
 * In 1791 the first two political parties formed with Hamilton and the federalists and with Madison and Jefferson and the democratic-republican party
 * He also helped write the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions to repeal the alien and sedition acts
 * Through Jefferson’s presidency he aided him as secretary of state from 1801-1809, supervising the Louisiana purchase which nearly doubled U.S territory
 * As president in 1809-1817 he led the nation to its victory over Britain in the war of 1812
 * He supported a stronger national government, strong military, and national bank towards the end of his presidency [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/220px-James_Madison.jpg width="220" height="268"]]

Works cited
 * A Lemhi Shoshone Indian and renowned for her accompaniment of Lewis and Clark
 * Was their interpreter and guide through western exploration, traveling from north Dakota to the pacific ocean
 * She was adopted by the American Women Suffrage Movement as their symbol of worth and independence because of her aid in western exploration
 * Even having her own coin made depicting her and her son
 * Without Sacagawea, Lewis and Clarks adventure and the exploration of the west would not have happened [[image:http://www.kshs.org/exhibits/blc/graphics/sacagawea.jpg width="298" height="341"]]

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[|www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0820709.html]- used for information on the treaty of ghent

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